
Nirvana
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Nirvana Biography
Prior to Nirvana, alternative music was consigned to specialty
sections of record stores and major labels considered it to be, at the
very most, a tax write-off. After the band's second album, 1991's
Nevermind, nothing was ever quite the same, for better and for worse.
Nirvana popularized punk, post-punk, and indie rock, unintentionally
bringing it into the American mainstream like no other band before it.
While its sound was equal parts Black Sabbath (as learned by fellow
Washington underground rockers the Melvins) and Cheap Trick, Nirvana's
aesthetics were strictly indie rock. They covered Vaselines songs, they
revived new wave cuts by Devo, and leader Kurt Cobain relentlessly
pushed his favorite bands -- whether it was the art punk of the
Raincoats or the country-fried hardcore of the Meat Puppets -- as if
his favorite records were always more important than his own music.
While Nirvana's ideology was indie rock and melodies were pop, the
sonic rush of their records and live shows merged the post-industrial
white noise with heavy metal grind. And that's what made the group an
unprecedented multi-platinum sensation. Jane's Addiction and
Soundgarden may have proven to the vast American heavy metal audience
that alternative could rock, and the Pixies may have merged pop
sensibilities with indie rock white noise, but Nirvana pulled at all
together, creating a sound that was both fiery and melodic. Since
Nirvana was rooted in the indie aesthetic, but loved pop music, they
fought their stardom while courting it, becoming some of the most
notorious anti-rock stars in history. The result was a conscious
attempt to shed their audience with the abrasive In Utero, which only
partially fulfilled the band's goal. But by that point, the fate of the
band and Kurt Cobain had been sealed. Suffering from drug addiction and
manic depression, Cobain had become destructive and suicidal, though
his management and label were able to hide the extent of his problems
from the public until April 8, 1994, when he was found dead of a
self-inflicted shotgun wound. Cobain may not have been able to weather
Nirvana's success, but the band's legacy stands as one of the most
influential in rock & roll history.
Kurt Cobain (vocals, guitar) met Chris Novoselic (born Krist Novoselic)
(bass) in 1985 in Aberdeen, WA, a small logging town 100 miles away
from Seattle. While Novoselic came from a relatively stable background,
Cobain's childhood had been thrown into turmoil when his parents
divorced when he was eight. Following the divorce, he lived at the
homes of various relatives, developing a love for the Beatles and then
heavy metal in the process. Eventually, American hardcore punk worked
its way into dominating his listening habits and he met the Melvins, an
Olympia-based underground heavy punk band. Cobain began playing in punk
bands like Fecal Matter, often with the Melvins' bassist Dale Crover.
Through the Melvins' leader Buzz Osborne, Cobain met Novoselic, who
also had an intense interest in punk, which meant that he, like Cobain,
felt alienated from the macho, redneck population of Aberdeen. The duo
decided to form a band called the Stiff Woodies, with Cobain on drums,
Novoselic on bass, and a rotating cast of guitarists and vocalists. The
group went through name changes as quickly as guitarists, before
deciding that Cobain would play guitar and sing. Renamed Skid Row, the
new trio featured drummer Aaron Burkhart, who left the band by the end
of 1986 and was replaced by Chad Channing. By 1987, the band was called
Nirvana.
Nirvana began playing parties in Olympia, gaining a cult following.
During 1987, the band made ten demos with producer Jack Endino, who
played the recordings to Jonathan Poneman, one of the founders of the
Seattle-based indie label Sub Pop. Poneman signed Nirvana, and in
December of 1988, the band released their first single, a cover of
Shocking Blue's Love Buzz. Sub Pop orchestrated an effective
marketing scheme, which painted the band as backwoods, logging-town
hicks, which irritated Cobain and Novoselic. While Love Buzz was
fairly well-received, the band's debut album, Bleach, was what began
the ball rolling. Recorded for just over 600 dollars and released in
the spring of 1989, Bleach slowly became a hit on college radio, due to
the group's consistent touring. Though Jason Everman was credited as a
second guitarist on the sleeve of Bleach, he didn't appear on the
record; he only toured in support of the album before leaving the band
at the end of the year to join Soundgarden and then Mindfunk. Bleach
sold 35,000 copies and Nirvana became favorites of college radio, the
British weekly music press, and Sonic Youth, Mudhoney, and Dinosaur
Jr., which was enough to attract the attention of major labels.
During the summer, Nirvana released Sliver / Dive, which was recorded
with Mudhoney's Dan Peters on drums and produced by Butch Vig. The band
also made a six-song demo with Vig, which was shopped to major labels,
who soon began competing to sign the group. By the end of the summer,
Dave Grohl, formerly of the D.C.-based hardcore band Scream, had become
Nirvana's drummer and the band signed with DGC for $287,000. Nirvana
recorded their second album with Vig, completing the record in the
summer. Following a European tour supporting Sonic Youth in the late
summer, Nevermind was released in September, supported by a quick
American tour. While DGC was expecting a moderately successful release,
in the neighborhood of 100,000 copies, Nevermind immediately became a
smash hit, quickly selling out its initial shipment of 50,000 copies
and creating a shortage across America. What helped the record become a
success was Smells Like Teen Spirit, a blistering four-chord rocker
that was accompanied by a video that shot into heavy MTV rotation. By
the beginning of 1992, Smells Like Teen Spirit had climbed into the
American Top Ten and Nevermind bumped Michael Jackson's much-touted
comeback album Dangerous off the top of the album charts; it reached
the British Top Ten shortly afterward. By February, the album had been
certified triple platinum.
Nirvana's success took the music industry by surprise, Nirvana
included. It soon become apparent that the band wasn't quite sure how
to handle their success. Around the time of Nevermind's release, the
band was into baiting their audience -- Cobain appeared on MTV's
Headbanger's Ball in drag, the group mocked the tradition of miming on
the BBC's Top of the Pops by Novoselic constantly throwing his bass
into the air and Cobain singing his live vocals in the style of Ian
Curtis, and their traditional live destruction of instruments was
immortalized on a Saturday Night Live performance that ended with
Novoselic and Grohl sharing a kiss -- but by the spring, questions had
begun to arise about the band's stability. Cobain married Courtney
Love, the leader of the indie rock/foxcore band Hole, in February of
1992, announcing that the couple was expecting a child in the fall.
Shortly after the marriage, rumors that the couple were heavy heroin
users began to circulate and the strength of the rumors only increased
when Nirvana canceled several summer concerts and refused to mount a
full-scale American tour during the summer. Cobain complained that he
was suffering from chronic stomach troubles, which seemed to be
confirmed when he was admitted to a Belfast hospital after a June
concert. But, heroin rumors continued to surface, especially in the
form of a late-summer Vanity Fair article which implied that Love was
using during her pregnancy. Both Love and Cobain denied the article's
allegations, and publicly harassed and threatened the article's author.
Love delivered Frances Bean Cobain, a healthy baby girl, on August 18,
1992, but the couple soon battled with Los Angeles' children's
services, who claimed they were unfit parents on the basis of the
Vanity Fair article. The couple was granted custody of their child by
the beginning of 1993.
Since Cobain was going through such well-documented personal problems,
Nirvana was unable to record a follow-up to Nevermind until the spring
of 1993. In the meantime, DGC released the odds-and-ends compilation
Incesticide late in 1992; the album reached number 39 in the U.S. and
number 14 U.K. As the group prepared to make their third album, they
released Oh, the Guilt as a split-single with the Jesus Lizard on
Touch & Go Records. Choosing Steve Albini (Pixies, the Breeders,
Big Black, the Jesus Lizard) as their producer, Nirvana recorded their
third album, In Utero, in two weeks during the spring of 1993.
Following its completion, controversy began to surround Nirvana again.
Cobain suffered a heroin overdose on May 2, but the event was hidden
from the press. The following month, Love called police to their
Seattle home after Cobain locked himself in the bathroom, threatening
suicide. Prior to debuting In Utero material during the New Music
Seminar at New York's Roseland Ballroom in July, Cobain had another
covered-up overdose. By that time, reports began to circulate,
including an article in Newsweek, that DGC was unhappy with the
forthcoming album, accusing that the band deliberately made an
uncommercial record. Both the band and the label denied such
allegations. Deciding that Albini's production was too flat, Nirvana
decided to remaster the album with R.E.M.'s producer, Scott Litt.
In Utero was released in September of 1993 to positive reviews and
strong initial sales, debuting at the top of the U.S. and U.K. charts.
Nirvana supported it with a fall American tour, hiring former Germs
member Pat Smear as an auxiliary guitarist. While the album and the
tour were both successful, sales weren't quite as strong as expected,
with several shows not selling out until the week of the concert. As a
result, the group agreed to play MTV's acoustic Unplugged show at the
end of the year, and sales of In Utero picked up after its December
airing. After wrapping up the U.S. tour on January 8, 1994, with a show
at Center Arena in Seattle, Nirvana embarked on a European tour in
February. Following a concert in Munich on February 29, Cobain stayed
in Rome to vacation with Love. On March 4, she awakened to find that
Cobain had attempted suicide by overdosing on the tranquilizer Rohypnol
and drinking champagne. While the attempt was initially reported as an
accidental overdose, it was known within the Nirvana camp that the
vocalist had left behind a suicide note.
Cobain returned to Seattle within a week of his hospitalization and his
mental illness began to grow. On March 18, the police had to again talk
the singer out of suicide after he locked himself in a room threatening
to kill himself. Love and Nirvana's management organized an
intervention program that resulted in Cobain's admission to the Exodus
Recovery Center in L.A. on March 30, but he escaped from the clinic on
April 1, returning to Seattle. His mother filed a missing persons
report on April 4. The following day, Cobain shot himself in the head
at his Seattle home. His body wasn't discovered until April 8, when an
electrician contracted to install an alarm system at the Cobain house
stumbled upon the body. After his death, Kurt Cobain was quickly
anointed as a spokesman for Generation X, as well as a symbol of its
tortured angst.
Novoselic and Grohl planned to release a double-disc live album at the
end of 1994, but sorting through the tapes proved to be too painful, so
MTV Unplugged in New York appeared in its place. The album debuted at
the top of the British and American charts, as a home video comprised
of live performances and interviews from the band's Nevermind-era,
titled Live! Tonight! Sold Out!, was issued at the same time (the
project began prior to Cobain's passing and was completed by surviving
bandmembers).
In 1996, its electric counterpart, From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah,
was released, debuting at the top of the U.S. charts. Following
Cobain's death, Grohl formed the Foo Fighters (early rumors that
Novoselic would also be a member of the band ultimately proved to be
false) -- releasing their self-titled debut album in 1995, followed by
The Colour and the Shape in 1997 and There Is Nothing Left to Lose in
1999. Novoselic formed the trio Sweet 75, releasing their debut in the
spring of 1997, and also appeared along with former Dead Kennedys'
frontman Jello Biafra and former Soundgarden guitarist Kim Thayil on
the 2000 live set Live From the Battle in Seattle under the name the No
W.T.O. Combo.
By the late '90s, research began by Novoselic for a proposed box set of
previously unreleased songs from throughout Nirvana's career. The
project was supposed to surface in the fall of 2001 (to coincide with
the tenth anniversary release of Nevermind), but legal problems began
to surface. In 1997, Grohl and Novoselic formed the Nirvana L.L.C.
partnership with Courtney Love (who manages Cobain's estate) -- a
company that required a unanimous vote by all three regarding future
albums, photos, and anything else Nirvana-related. When all three
couldn't agree on the songs to be included on the box set, the matter
was taken to court as Love attempted to dissolve the partnership. The
project was ultimately shelved indefinitely as any legal decision was
tied up in court. ~ Stephen Thomas Erlewine & Greg Prato, All Music
Guide
Written by Stephen Thomas Erlewine